ÿþ <html lang="ar" dir="rtl"> <head> <meta http-equiv=Content-Type content="text/html; charset=windows-1256"> <meta name="Keywords" content=""> <title> 'DE71'F "#+F'3JH3 97'DDG"  ('FJ #(14J) -E5 </title> </head> <body> <p align="center" lang="ar"><font color="red" size="+3"> <B> 'DE71'F "#+F'3JH3 97'DDG"  ('FJ #(14J) -E5 </B> </font> <br><br> <font color="blue" size="+2"> <B> 'D4E'3 31,JH3 (A1'3) 'D9/1) </B> </font> <br><br> <font color="black" size="+1"> </font> </p> <p align="right"> <font color="purple" size="+1"> <B> HD'/*G HF4#*G </B> </font></p> <p align="justify" lang="ar"><font size="+1" color="black" face ="Simplified Arabic"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; GH '39/ (F 'DJ'3 (F 97'DDG  HD/ AJ 11 "0'1 3F) 1853 AJ B5() 'D4HJA'*  E1C2 B'&E EB'EJ) 'D4HA  EF #9E'D ,(D D(F'F. EF #(HJF *BJJF GE' 'DJ'3 97'DDG A1- EF 'D4HJA'* 'DE0CH1)  HF,E) '(F) JH3A #H "JHF3" 'D4HJ1J EF E/JF) (J1H*. <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'B*(D 31Q 'DE9EH/J) AJ 25 "0'1  EF FA3 'D9'E  AJ CFJ3) 'D4HJA'*  HAJ E/13) 'DB1J) *DBI 9DHEG 'D'(*/'&J). <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3F) 1866  '*,G %DI E/13) 3HB 'D:1( 'D#1+H0C3J1) 'D/'.DJ) 'D*J C'F J/J1G' 'DE9DQE JH3A 'D91(JDJ  H*.1Q, EFG' (*AHB 3F) 1870. <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'3*B/EG 'D(71J1C 'D'F7'CJ %J1H+JH3 %DI /E4B H4EDG (19'J*G. A#*EQ /1'3*G AJ 'DE/13) 'D(71J1CJ)  H1O3E E*H-Q/'K ('3E #+F'3JH3 9'E 1871. B6I AJ /J1 3J/) 'D(DEF/ 3*) #4G1 J*/1Q( 9DI 'D-J') 'D1G('FJ) HJ7'D9 'DE$DA'* 'D"('&J) H'DE5FQA'* 'DD'GH*J). <p align="right"> <font color="purple" size="+1"> <B> E3J1*G 'DCGFH*J) </B> </font></p> <p align="justify" lang="ar"><font size="+1" color="black" face ="Simplified Arabic"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; AJ #-/ 'D9F51) 'DE5'/A DD.'E3 EF -2J1'F 1872  3'EG 'D(71J1C 4E'3'K %F,JDJ'K D/I E1H1GE' ((J1H* E*H,QGJF %DI 'DB37F7JFJ). <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;AJ 9'E 1876  1A9G 'D(71J1C %DI 1*() #14J/J'CHF (1&J3 4E'E3)) 'DC13J 'D#F7'CJ  H*9JF AJ 'DE/13) 'D/E4BJQ) '3*'0'K DDEH3JBI HDDJHF'FJ)  -*I 9'E 1879. <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;AJ 9'E 1879  #13DG 'D(71J1C %DI E/13G .'DCJ 'DD'GH*J)  A'F6E AJ 3DC 7D'(G'  H#*BF 'DJHF'FJ) H'D*1CJ) H#DEQ ('DA1F3J)  HDCFG '671 DD9H/) (9/ 9'E H'-/ (3(( 'DE16. <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp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p align="right"> <font color="purple" size="+1"> <B> 'F*.'(G E71'F'K </B> </font></p> <p align="justify" lang="ar"><font size="+1" color="black" face ="Simplified Arabic"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; AJ 2 4('7 1885. *HAJ E71'F -E5 /JHFJ3JH3 [1]  H(9/ 941) #J'E *B/E #G'DJ -E5 (7D( %DI 'D(71J1C %J1H+JH3 (3J'E) #+F'3JH3 E71'F'K 9DJGE (#4/ %D-'-  HDCF :(7*G C'F AJ 4J.H.) E*B/E)  AD(I F/'! 1(G B(D #F J*ECF %,'() 7D(GE. <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;+E '1*BI 'D3J/ ,1'3JEH3 3/) 'D(71J1CJ) (1885-1891) [2]  A#9'/ #G'DJ -E5 'D'D*E'3 'D3'(B AH9/GE .J1'K  H'3*B/E #+F'3JH3 %DJG .E3) #4G1  H1:( EFG 'D(B'! 9F/G DJCHF J/G 'DJEFI AJ */(J1 EG'E 'D(71J1CJ)  %D' #F D,',) 49( -E5 AJ 'D*E'3G -'D /HF E' J*EF'G :(7*G  A14- :(7*G #+F'3JH3 D#(14J) -E5 -3( 'DB'FHF 'DCF3J  HC'F #F 'F*.( E71'F'K 9DI 'D#(14J)[3]. <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*EQ* 417HFJ*G EJ*1H(HDJ*'K AJ 25 "0'1 1886AJ (J1H*  HH5D %DI -E5 AJ 5 FJ3'F (3(* D9'21)  A'3*B(DG 'D49( 'D-E5J '3*B('D'K EFB79 'DF8J1. <p align="right"> <font color="purple" size="+1"> <B> #9E'DG 'D1H-J) H'D19'&J) </B> </font></p> <p align="justify" lang="ar"><font size="+1" color="black" face ="Simplified Arabic"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (/# 'DE71'F #+F'3JH3 %5D'-'*G 'D1H-J) AH1 H5HDG  A#.0 JBJE 'D5DH'* ('DD:) 'D91(J) (9/ #F C'F E98EG' JOB'E ('DJHF'FJ)[4]  H1*Q( ,HB)K DD*1*JD /1Q(G' (FA3G  H419 JDBJ 'DEH'98 #J'E 'D"-'/ H'D#9J'/ H'D5HE 'D#1(9JFJ. 'G*E (*9DJE 'D49( 'D%JE'F 'D#1+H0C3J  A.5Q5 JHEJ 'D+D'+'! H'D.EJ3 EF CD #3(H9 DJA3Q1 DGE 'D%F,JD HJ41- 'D9BJ/)  A'2/'/ *9DQB 'DE$EFJF (4.5G DE' C'F J*-DQI (G EF *BHI H:J1) HE-() #(HJ) F-H 'D,EJ9  HDE' J*E*Q9 (G EF 9DE 2'.1 H5H* 90( 1.JE -*I /9J "(D(D 'D4'E". <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5'1 'D%B('D 9DI -6H1 'D5DH'* 4/J/'K AJ 9G/G  HDE *9/ C'*/1'&J) 'D#1(9JF 4GJ/'K **39 DDE5DJF  A,/Q/ (F'!G' HH3Q9G' 9'E 1890  H(FI CFJ3*JF ,/J/*JF AJ 'DE/JF)  CFJ3) 'DB/J3 ,'H1,JH3 9'E 1894  HCFJ3) 'DB/J3 #F7HFJH3 9'E 1910. +E 1'- J(FJ 'DCF'&3 AJ 3'&1 B1I 'D#(14J) #H J,/Q/G'  HJF4& %DI ,'F( CD EFG' CGF)K E4GH/'K DGE ('D9DE H'D-CE) E9 'DA6JD) H'D*BHI. <p align="right"> <font color="purple" size="+1"> <B> 'G*E'EG ('DE/'13 H*B/QE 'DE9'1A </B> </font></p> <p align="justify" lang="ar"><font size="+1" color="black" face ="Simplified Arabic"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 9F/E' *3DQE 'DE71'F 95' 'D19'J)  DE JCF AJ -E5 3HI E/13*JF 5:J1*JF (240 *DEJ0'K H*DEJ0) H6 E9DEJF)  A#.0 J4J/ /H1 'D9DE (E$'21) 'D49( 'D:JH1 H/9E 'D,E9J) 'D'E(1'7H1J) 'DAD37JFJ) 'D#1+H0C3J). -*I (D: 9// 'DE/'13 'D*J #33G' (-DHD 'D9'E 1911 3*) 941 E/13) DD0CH1 H'D%F'+ *6E 2250 *DEJ0'K H54 E9DE'K. <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;C'F* 'D/1H3 'D*J *97I B(DG DD*D'EJ0 EB*51)K 9DI E('/& 'DB1'!) H'D.7 H'D-3'( H'D,:1'AJ)  DCF 'DE71'F #+F'3JH3 #6'A %DJG' 'DF-H H'D51A HE('/& 'D,(1 H'DGF/3) HE3C 'D/A'*1 H'D9DHE 'D7(J9J) H'D,JHDH,J'  CE' #/.D %DI EF'G, 'D*9DJE 'DD:*JF 'DA1F3J) H'D*1CJ) %DI ,'F( 'DEH3JBI 'DCF3J) H'D*'1J. 'D41JA. <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(0DC #5(-* E/'13 -E5 E-7 #F8'1 'D,EJ9 HBP(D)K DD*D'EJ0 JB5/HFG' EF 3'&1 #F-'! 3H1J' HD(F'F  'D#E1 'D0J /A9G 9'E 1910 %DI *#3J3 #HD E/13) /'.DJ) GJ "'DE/13) 'D/'.DJ) 'D9DEJ) 'D#1+H0C3J)" 'D*J '3*B(D* AJ 9'EG' 'D/1'3J 'D#HD 53 7'D('K /'.DJ'K E9 50 *DEJ0 .'1,J J*DBHF 'D9DHE 'D9'DJ) ('D91(J) H'D'FCDJ2J)  9DI #J/J #EG1 'D#3'*0) 'DE-DJJF  H'D'.*5'5JJF 'D0JF '3*-61GE EF D(F'F HAD37JF H3'&1 3H1J'. HC'F 'DE*B/EHF EF 'D*D'EJ0 J*DBHF E('/& 'D*1CJ) H'DA1F3J) H'D1H3J) %6'A) %DI /1H3GE. <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp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br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;CE' #FG (FI DCD B1J) EF B1I 'D#(14J) E/13) .'5) (G'  F0C1 EFG': <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;- (FI 3F) 1895 E/13) DB1J) 'D/HJ1. <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; - (FI 3F) 1898 E/13) DB1J) H1J/). <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; - (FI 3F) 1899 E/13) DB1J) CA1'E. <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;- (FI 3F) 1900 E/13) DB1J) B7JF). <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; - (FI 3F) 1901 E/13) DB1J) #E 414H-. <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; - (FI 3F) 1902 E/13) DB1J) 'DE41A). <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; - (FI 3F) 1903 E/13) DB1J) 1('-. <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; - (FI 3F) 1910 E/13) DB1J) ,( 9('3. <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;DB/ C'F* E/'13 -E5 EF'1'* DD9DE H'D#.D'B AJ 951 E8DE  .1Q,* #,J'D'K EF 'D4('( 'DH7FJ 'DE+BA  AC'F EFGE 'DE$1. H'D7(J( H'DE1(QJ H'D#/J(. -EDH' 13'D) 'DFG6) HD9(H' /H1'K AJ 'DJB8) 'D91(J). <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;H(0DC HAI ('D9G/ 'D0J B79G 9DI FA3G -JF H5D %DI 'D#(14J) H.7( B'&D'K: "G' %FFJ E3*9/ (9/ 'D'*C'D 9DI 'DDG #F #,*G/ :'J) 'D',*G'/ D#,D %5D'- 4$HF 'D7'&A).. H#F #CHF .'/E'K #EJF'K -1J5'K 9DI F41 'DE9'1A H'D9DHE 'D/JFJ) H'D#/(J).." <p align="right"> <font color="purple" size="+1"> <B> *#3J3 'D,E9J'* 'D.J1J) H'D#/(J) </B> </font></p> <p align="justify" lang="ar"><font size="+1" color="black" face ="Simplified Arabic"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 'G*E 'DE71'F #+F'3JH3 (#F JO41C 'D49( AJ GH',3G 'D1H-J) H'D9DEJ) H'D.J1J) AJ 'D#(14J)  A4CQD DG0G 'D:'J)11 ,E9J)  HD,'F 'D(1 .E3) H'-/) EFGE DDF3'!  H3FQ DG' BH'FJFG' HH69 DG' *F8JEG'  A#-3F* 'DBJ'E (EG'EG' HC'F* DG .J1 E9JF. F0C1 EFG': <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;- ,E9J) 96/ 'DAB1'! 1886 DD'G*E'E ('DAB1'! H*7(J( 'DE16I. <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;- ,E9J) 'DB/J3 'DJ'F D/AF 'DEH*I 1892 DD9F'J) (/AF EH*I 'DAB1'! H'D:1('!. <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;- ,E9J) 'D:'J) 'D,DJD) DF41 'DA6JD) 1896 D*1BJ) "/'( #(F'! 'D7'&A) H*+(J*GE AJ 'D%JE'F 'D#1+H0C3J %2'! 'D*(4J1 'D:1(J. <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;- ,E9J) 'D'B*5'/ AJ 'D9H'&/ 1896 D%(7'D (96 'D9'/'* 'D(9J/) 9F 1H- 'D%JE'F 'DE3J-J 'D*J C'F JE'13G' 'D49( AJ 'D#A1'- H'DE"*E  A*3*F2A E'DG. <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;- ,E9J) 'D%F4'!'* 'D.J1J) 1898 D*4JJ/ 'DE('FJ 'D9EHEJ) D.J1 'D7'&A). <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;- ,E9J) 'DEFCH(JF 1903 D%9'F) 'D('&3JF H'DEFCH(JF ('DGH'! 'D#5A1 'D0J 61( -E5 AJ 0DC 'D9'E  HA*C (-J') 'DC+J1JF EF 3C'FG'. <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;- ,E9J) *1(J) 'DJ*'EI 1904 'D*J 4JQ/* EJ*E'K 6E AJ 'D9'E 1906 941JF EF 'DJ*JE'* 'DDH'*J AB/F #GDGF AJ 0DC 'DH('!  H#41A* 9DI *G0J(GF H*9DJEGF. <p align="right"> <font color="purple" size="+1"> <B> %F,'2'*G 'D1'&/) HA1'/*G </B> </font></p> <p align="justify" lang="ar"><font size="+1" color="black" face ="Simplified Arabic"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; C'F 'DE71'F #+F'3JH3 1'&/'K DDFG6) H3(Q'B'K %DI *-BJB 9// EF'D%F,'2'* 'D*J 'FA1/ (G': <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 4CQD #HD ,E9J) 'B*5'/J) H7FJ) AJ -E5  H1(E' AJ 3H1J'  D1A9 E3*HI 5F'9) 'DF3J, 'DE-DQJ H,9DG EF'A3'K AJ ,H/*G DDEF3H,'* 'D:1(J)  HGJ 41C) E3'GE) *-* 1&'3*G 6EQ* 9//'K EF *,'1 'DEF3H,'* 'D-E5J). <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;#33 9'E 1897 #HD ,E9J) F3'&J)  GJ ,E9J) "FH1 'D9A'A"  *#DQA* EF .1J,'* E/'13 'D7'&A) 'DDH'*J F4#FN 9DI 'D*BHI  HF47F AJ 'D9ED 'D.J1J HE3'9/) 'DAB1'!. HEF E"+1G' 'DE3*H5A 'D0J 4JQ/G 9'E 1903 (,H'1 'DC'*/1'&J) DE9'D,) 'DE16I E,'F'K  HE3*4AI 'D-EJ/J) 1912. <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;#H,/ AJ -E5 #HD E7(9)[5]  A#5/1 ,1J/) -E5 9'E 1909 D*H+JB 'D5D) (JF #(F'! 'DH7F 'DEBJEJF H'DE:*1(JF  H'D*J E'2'D* *5/1 -*I 'D"F. <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;#F4# 9'E 1896 AJ -E5 #HD /'1 DDC*( H#HD B'9) DDE7'D9) '3*A'/ EFG' 9EHE 'D49( D#FG' C'F* EC*() 9EHEJ) A*-* #(H'(G' D,EJ9 'DF'3. <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;#/.D 'DCG1('! %DI -E5 D#HD E1) AJ *'1J.G' 9'E 1911[6]. <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;#33 #HD E31- AJ -E5  HC'F J41A (FA3G 9DI */1J('*G. <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7(9 #HD C*'( DE,EH9 'D5DH'* ('DD:) 'D91(J) 1890  H6EQFG (96 'DB5'&/ 'D/JFJ) EF F8EG H#4G1G': "'A1-J J' (J* 9FJ'". <p align="right"> <font color="purple" size="+1"> <B> *D'E0*G </B> </font></p> <p align="justify" lang="ar"><font size="+1" color="black" face ="Simplified Arabic"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; C+J1HF GE 'D0JF /13H' 9DI J/JG H*/1Q,H' (*4,J9G AJ E1'*( 'DCGFH* -J+ D9(H' /H1'K G'E'K AJ -J') 'DCFJ3) 'D#F7'CJ)  F.5 EFGE ('D0C1: <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 'DB/J3 'D#3BA 1'A'&JD GH'HJFJ. <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'D(71J1C #DC3F/1H3 7-'F. <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'DE71'F #(JA'FJH3 2'&/. <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'DE71'F '3*A'FH3 JH3A. <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'DE71'F (HD3 #(H 96D. <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'DE71'F ('3JDJH3 'D/(3. <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'D#14EF/1J* #F7HFJH3 E(JQ6. <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'D4GJ/ 'DE-'EJ 1AJB 12B 3DHE. <p align="right"> <font color="purple" size="+1"> <B> #H3E*G</B> </font></p> <p align="justify" lang="ar"><font size="+1" color="black" face ="Simplified Arabic"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; F'D 3J'/*G 9// EF 'D#H3E) F0C1 EFG': <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'DH3'E 'DE,J/J EF 'D1*() 'D+'D+). <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;H3'E 'DB/J3 AD'/JEJ1 EF 'D1*() 'D+'D+) EF BJ51 1H3J' FBHD' 'D+'FJ. <p align="right"> <font color="purple" size="+1"> <B> 1B'/G ('D1( </B> </font></p> <p align="justify" lang="ar"><font size="+1" color="black" face ="Simplified Arabic"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; H'8( 'DE71'F #+F'3JH3 3(9)K H+D'+JF 9'E'K 9DI 19'J) 'DB7J9 'D0J '$*EF 9DJG (CD E-() H#E'F)  H(:J1) 13HDJ) HGEQ) D' *91A 'DCDD #H 'DEDD  -*I 1B/ ('D1( AJ 23 *41JF 'D+'FJ 1923 AJ EF3C "'D/HJ1" 9F 9E1M JF'G2 'D3(9JF 9'E'K -'AD ('D97'!'* 'DC(J1) DD%F3'FJ) H'DH7F H'D/JF. AO,9 (1-JDG 'D,EJ9  E3DEHF HE3J-JHF  E:*1(HF 9F 'DH7F HEBJEHF  H/AF AJ 3'-) 'DC'*/1'&J). <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;HAJ 9'E 1929 #B'E DG 'D-E5JHF F5('K AHB 61J-G  CE' H#7DBH' '3EG 9DI #-/ 4H'19 'DE/JF) '9*1'A'K (A6DG H*.DJ/'K D0C1'G C('9+ FG6) HE5D- ',*E'9J H1H-J C(J1. HE'2'D 'DF5( 'D*0C'1J %DI JHEF' G0' J*H37 3'-) 'DC'*/1'&J). <p align="right"> <font color="purple" size="+1"> <B> 'DE1',9 H'DE5'/1</B> </font></p> <p align="justify" lang="ar"><font size="+.5" color="black" face ="Simplified Arabic"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;#39/  'D.H1J 9J3I. *'1J. -E5. "'DB3E 'D#HD: EF0 F4#*G' 'D#HDI %DI 8GH1 'D%3D'E". EF4H1'* E71'FJ) -E5 'D#1+H0C3J). 1983. <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;#39/  EFJ1 'D.H1J 9J3I. *'1J. -E5. "'DB3E 'D+'FJ: EF 8GH1 'D%3D'E -*I JHEF' G0'". EF4H1'* E71'FJ) -E5 'D#1+H0C3J). 1984. <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;.J1 'DDG  #EJF 8'G1. 'D#1, 'D2CJ AJ *G'FJ :(7) 'D(71J1C 'D#F7'CJ 'D3J/ ED'*JH3  'DE7(9) 'D9+E'FJ)  D(F'F  1899. <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;13*E  #3/. CFJ3) E/JF) 'DDG #F7'CJ) 'D98EI  'D,2! 'D+'D+  EF4H1'* 'DEC*() 'D(HDJ3J)  D(F'F  1988. <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;F9E) 'DDG  12B 'DDG -/'/. *0C'1 'DJH(JD D3J'/) 'D-(1 'D,DJD '+F'3JH3 97'DDG. E7(9) -E5. 1911. <p align="right"> <font color="purple" size="+1"> <B> 'D-H'4J </B> </font></p> <p align="justify" lang="ar"><font size="+.5" color="black" face ="Simplified Arabic"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1. F9E) 'DDG  12B 'DDG -/'/. *0C'1 'DJH(JD D3J'/) 'D-(1 'D,DJD '+F'3JH3 97'DDG. E7(9) -E5. 1911  5 48-49. <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2. 13*E  #3/. CFJ3) E/JF) 'DDG #F7'CJ) 'D98EI  'D,2! 'D+'D+  EF4H1'* 'DEC*() 'D(HDJ3J)  D(F'F  1988  5 233. <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3. .J1 'DDG  #EJF 8'G1. 'D#1, 'D2CJ AJ *G'FJ :(7) 'D(71J1C 'D#F7'CJ 'D3J/ ED'*JH3  'DE7(9) 'D9+E'FJ)  D(F'F  1899  5 135-136. <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4. 0DC #F 3DAG 'DE71'F /JHFJ3JH3 (1865-1885) C'F JHF'FJ'K EF 'D#F'6HD. <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5. *(1Q9 (G' 'DE:*1( 'D-E5J AJ 'D(1'2JD (4'1) 9J3I 'DE-1/'HJ. <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6. 'DEHD/*'F 'DCG1('&J*'F *(1Q9 (GE' 'DE:*1( 'D-E5J AJ 'D(1'2JD 9(/G JH3A *BD'  H'3*E1* 'DCG1('! *FJ1 'DE71'FJ) H'DE/13) 'D/'.DJ) H'DE7(9) %DI #F 5'/1*GE' 'D-CHE) 'D*1CJ) #+F'! 'D-1( 'D9'DEJ) 'D#HDI. </font></p> </body> </html>